Flange

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 Flange:



The flange is a ring shaped device designed to be used as a alternative to welding or threading various piping system components used throughout the piping system. It is used when joint needs dismantling.
The flange is a important component of any piping system.
To erect the piping system, every piece of mechanical equipment is manufactured with at least one outlet called a nozzle.
The nozzle is the point where, via the flange, the piping system is connected to the equipment.
  • Flanges are covered under the following standards, (i) Size 1/2" to 24" - ASME B16.5, (ii) Size 26" and above - ASME B16.47
  • Flange strength increases with class number.
  • Material & Design temperature combination without pressure indicated not acceptable.
  • A flange has to be specified with the following details: Size, Pressure Rating, Type of attachment to piping, Facing of the flange, Material of construction.

Rating Flanges:

Rating may be defined as the maximum pressure allowable by the pressure piping code for the specific temperature at which the flange will be operating.
Flanges & Nozzles are sized according to pressure rating established by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
The pressure ratings sometimes called pound ratings.
The pressure ratings are divided into seven categories for forged steel flanges and four categories for Cast iron flanges.
Forged steel flanges pound ratings:
150#, 300#, 400#, 600#, 900#, 1500# and 2500#
Cast iron flanges pound ratings:
25#, 125#, 250# and 800#
Pound ratings are also used to establish the outside diameter and thickness of a flange.
Typically as pound rating increases, so will the flange's diameter and thickness.

Flange Facings:

The mating surface of a flange, nozzle, or valve is called the face. the face is usually machined to create smooth surface. this smooth surface will help assure a leak proof seal when two flanges are bolted together with a gasket sandwiched between them.
Although numerous types of flange faces are produced, here we are going to focus about
  • Flat face
  • Raised face
  • Ring type joint

Flange Types:

Flanges have been designed and developed to be used in a myriad of applications. The different types of flanges are:
  • Weld Neck Flange
  • Threaded Flange
  • Socket Weld Flange
  • Slip-On Flange
  • Lap-Joint Flange
  • Reducing Flange
  • Blind Flange
  • Orifice Flange

Material of construction for flanges:

    Flanges are normally are normally forged except in very few cases, where they are fabricated from plates.

    The normal material standards for forged flanges are 
    • ASTM A105 – Carbon steel 
    • ASTM A181 – Carbon steel for general purpose
    • ASTM A182 – Alloy steel and stainless steel 
    • ASTM A350 – Alloy steel for low temperature services

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